Em que povos/civilizações os cães eram sagrados?

Em que povos/civilizações os cães eram sagrados?

Estive a ver um documentário de vários animais sagrados, mas pergunto-me porque não puseram o meu animal preferido...  Sendo tão leal, não haverão povos ou religiôes/cultos que lhes dessem o devido valor?

Alguns artigos, infelizmente está tudo em inglês porque não encontrei nada em português, espero que não haja nenhum problema ;


The Sacred Dogs of the Ancient Native Americans

The tombs of ancient Native Americans in the modern southwestern US have been found to contain hundreds of dog remains. A new study, recently presented at the annual meeting of the Society for American Archeology in Vancouver, Canada, and representing the first results of an investigation on dog burial places encountered in the area points to the mystical role these animals had for those people.

"Throughout the region, dogs have been found buried with jewelry,
alongside adults and children, carefully stacked in groups, or in positions that relate to important structures. The findings suggest that the animals figured more prominently in their owners' lives than simply as pets. I'm suggesting that the dogs in the New World in the Southwest were used to escort people into the next world, and sometimes they were used in certain rituals in place of people," author Dody Fugate, an assistant curator at the Museum of Indian Arts and Culture in Santa Fe, New Mexico, told National Geographic News.

"I have a database now of almost 700 dog burials, and a large number of them are either buried in groups in places of ritual or they're buried with individual human beings. Many of the burials are concentrated in northwestern New Mexico and along the Arizona-New Mexico border," said Fugate. The gathered information shows that dog burials were practiced mainly between 400 B.C. and A.D. 1100. "The earlier the [human] burial, the more likely you are to have dog in it," Fugate said.

However, in the 14th or 15th century, the practice ceased, evidence showed. "Indeed, today's Pueblo and Navajo Indians believe it is improper to bury dogs. What the ancient dogs looked like is an open question, but their remains suggest that they were far more diverse than was previously believed," said Fugate.

The buried dogs had either floppy or pointed ears, long or curly tails, were small or tall. "There were even white ones, found buried on the Arizona-Utah border, whose fur was used to weave ritual garb," added Fugate.

"Archaeologists tend to examine animal bones at excavation sites with an eye to what humans were eating, rather than what their relationships with dogs were like. Because dogs are very seldom to come across in a way that suggests they were used for food, they tend to get dismissed as being not very significant so they tend to not be reported in very much detail. Basically [ritual dog burial] is a pattern that's found around the world" said Susan Crockford, a zooarcheologist at Canada's University of Victoria, who investigates dog breeds in the Pacific Northwest.

Ancient dogs may explain many things about ancient Native Americans. "Not thinking that dogs might have had a religious relationship [with people] as well means that you're leaving out a chunk of [ancient] religion. If [you make that assumption], you are losing enormous amounts of information about the ritual context and the mindset of these people," said Fugate."

fonte: news.softpedia.com


Da wikipedia:

Hinduism

Dogs have a major religious significance among the Hindus in Nepal and some parts of India. The dogs are worshipped as a part of a five-day Tihar festival that falls roughly in November every year. In Hinduism, it is believed that the dog is a messenger of Yama, the god of death, and dogs guard the doors of Heaven.This is a day when the dog is worshipped by applying tika (the holy vermilion dot), incense sticks and garlanded generally with marigold flower.[citation needed] Sarama, the bitch of the gods, is described as the mother of all dogs.

The dog is also the vahana or mount of the Hindu god Bhairava.

_____________________

Mesopotamia

There is a temple in Isin (located in Mesopotamia) that is named é-ur-gi7-ra which translates to mean "dog house" [1] Enlilbani, a king from the Old Babylonian First Dynasty of Isin, commemorated the temple to the goddess Ninisina.[2]. Although there is a small amount of detail known about it, there is enough information to confirm that a dog cult did exist in this area [3]. Usually, dogs were only associated with the Gula cult, but there is some information, like Enlilbani's commemoration, to suggest that dogs were also important to the cult of Ninisina, as Gula was another goddess who was closely associated to Ninisina.[4] More than 30 dog burials, numerous dog sculptures, and dog drawings were discovered when the area around this Ninisina temple was excavated . In the Gula cult, the dog was used in oaths and was sometimes referred to as a divinity.
[edit] Ancient Egyptian religion

The Ancient Egyptians are often more associated with cats in the form of Bastet, yet here too dogs are found to have a sacred role and figure as an important symbol in religious iconography.[5] At the cemetery at Abydos a portion was reserved for dogs, near the graves of women, archers and dwarves.[6]

Dogs were associated with Anubis, the jackal headed god of the underworld. At times throughout its period of being in use the Anubieion catacombs at Saqqara saw the burial of dogs.[7]

_______________________

Zoroastrianism

In Zoroastrianism, the dog is regarded as an especially beneficent, clean and righteous creature, which must be fed and taken care of.[8] The dog is praised for the useful work it performs in the household[9], but it is also seen as having special spiritual virtues. A dog's gaze is considered to be purifying and to drive off Daevas (demons). It is also believed to have a special connection with the afterlife: the Chinwad Bridge to Heaven is said to be guarded by dogs in Zoroastrian scripture[10], and dogs are traditionally fed in commemoration of the dead.[11] Ihtiram-i sag, "respect for the dog", is a common injunction among Iranian Zoroastrian villagers.[8]

Detailed prescriptions for the appropriate treatment of dogs are found in the Vendidad (a subdivision of the Zoroastrian holy scripture Avesta), especially in chapters 13, 14 and 15, where harsh punishments are imposed for harm inflicted upon a dog and the faithful are required to assist dogs, both domestic and stray, in various ways; often, help or harm to a dog is equated with help and harm to a human.[12] The killing of a dog ("a shepherd's dog, or a house-dog, or a Vohunazga [i.e. stray] dog, or a trained dog") is considered to lead to damnation in the afterlife.[13] A homeowner is required to take care of a pregnant bitch that lies near his home at least until the puppies are born (and in some cases until the puppies are old enough to take care of themselves, namely six months). If the homeowner does not help the bitch and the puppies come to harm as a result, "he shall pay for it the penalty for wilful murder", because "Atar (Fire), the son of Ahura Mazda, watches as well (over a pregnant bitch) as he does over a woman".[14] It is also a major sin if a man harms a dog by giving it bones that are too hard and become stuck in its throat, or food that is too hot, so that it burns its throat.[15] Giving bad food to a dog is as bad as serving bad food to a human.[16] The believers are required to take care of a dog with a damaged sense of smell, to try to heal it "in the same manner as they would do for one of the faithful" and, if they fail, to tie it lest it should fall into a hole or a body of water and be harmed.[17]

Both according to the Vendidad and in traditional Zoroastrian practice, dogs are allotted some funerary ceremonies analogous to those of humans.[11] In the Vendidad, it is stated that the spirits of a thousand deceased dogs are reincarnated in a single otter ("water dog"), hence the killing of an otter is a terrible crime that brings drought and famine upon the land and must be atoned either by the death of the killer[18] or by the killer performing a very long list of deeds considered pious, including the healing of dogs, raising of puppies, paying of fines to priests, as well as killing of animals considered noxious and unholy (cats, rats, mice and various species of reptiles, amphibians, and insects).[19]

Sagdid is a funeral ceremony in which a dog is brought into the room where the body is lying so that it can look on it. "Sagdid" means "dog sight" in the Middle Persian language of Zoroastrian theological works. There are various spiritual benefits thought to be obtained by the ceremony. It is believed that the original purpose was to make certain that the person was really dead, since the dog's more acute senses would be able to detect signs of life that a human might miss. A "four-eyed" dog, that is one with two spots on its forehead, is preferred for sagdid.[20][21]

The traditional rites involving dogs have been under attack by reformist Zoroastrians since the mid 19th century, and they had abandoned them completely by the late 20th century. Even traditionalist Zoroastrians tend to restrict such rites to a significant extent nowadays (late 20th - early 21st century).[11]

______________________

Chinese tradition

The dog is one of the 12 animals honored in Chinese astrology. The second day of the Chinese New Year is considered to be the birthday of all dogs and Chinese people often take care to be kind to dogs on that day.

______________________


Christianity

A dog is mentioned in the deuterocanonical Book of Tobit, faithfully accompanying Tobias, Tobit's son and the angel Raphael on their journeys.

Jesus told the story of the poor man Lazarus, whose sores were licked by street dogs. This has traditionally been seen as showing Lazarus's wretched situation. However, some modern commentators have pointed out that the dogs' saliva, which contains lysozyme (an enzyme with antibacterial qualities), could have beneficial effects on the sores.[22][23]

The Catholic Church recognizes Saint Roch (also called Saint Rocco), who lived in the early 14th century in France, as the patron saint of dogs. It is said that he caught the black plague while doing charitable work and went into the forest, expecting to die. There he was befriended by a dog which licked his sores and brought him food, and he was able to recover. The feast day of Saint Roch, August 16, is celebrated in Bolivia as the "birthday of all dogs."[24]

Saint Guinefort was the name given to a dog who received local veneration as a saint at a French shrine from the thirteenth to the twentieth centuries.[25]

A black and white dog is sometimes used as an informal symbol of the Dominican order of friars, religious sisters and nuns. This stems from a Latin pun: though the order's name is actually the Friars Preachers (Ordus Praedicatorum - order of preachers), it is generally called the Dominicans (after St. Dominic, their founder): Domini canes in Latin means "the dogs/hounds of the Lord."

No antigo Egipto havia culto dos animais em geral. Gostavam muitos dos seus animais e, para veres a importância dos seus cães para eles, junto aos soberanos da 1ª dinastia sepultavam também, para além de leões e burros, cães. 

Alguns artigos, infelizmente está tudo em inglês porque não encontrei nada em português, espero que não haja nenhum problema ;


The Sacred Dogs of the Ancient Native Americans

The tombs of ancient Native Americans in the modern southwestern US have been found to contain hundreds of dog remains. A new study, recently presented at the annual meeting of the Society for American Archeology in Vancouver, Canada, and representing the first results of an investigation on dog burial places encountered in the area points to the mystical role these animals had for those people.

"Throughout the region, dogs have been found buried with jewelry,
alongside adults and children, carefully stacked in groups, or in positions that relate to important structures. The findings suggest that the animals figured more prominently in their owners' lives than simply as pets. I'm suggesting that the dogs in the New World in the Southwest were used to escort people into the next world, and sometimes they were used in certain rituals in place of people," author Dody Fugate, an assistant curator at the Museum of Indian Arts and Culture in Santa Fe, New Mexico, told National Geographic News.

"I have a database now of almost 700 dog burials, and a large number of them are either buried in groups in places of ritual or they're buried with individual human beings. Many of the burials are concentrated in northwestern New Mexico and along the Arizona-New Mexico border," said Fugate. The gathered information shows that dog burials were practiced mainly between 400 B.C. and A.D. 1100. "The earlier the [human] burial, the more likely you are to have dog in it," Fugate said.

However, in the 14th or 15th century, the practice ceased, evidence showed. "Indeed, today's Pueblo and Navajo Indians believe it is improper to bury dogs. What the ancient dogs looked like is an open question, but their remains suggest that they were far more diverse than was previously believed," said Fugate.

The buried dogs had either floppy or pointed ears, long or curly tails, were small or tall. "There were even white ones, found buried on the Arizona-Utah border, whose fur was used to weave ritual garb," added Fugate.

"Archaeologists tend to examine animal bones at excavation sites with an eye to what humans were eating, rather than what their relationships with dogs were like. Because dogs are very seldom to come across in a way that suggests they were used for food, they tend to get dismissed as being not very significant so they tend to not be reported in very much detail. Basically [ritual dog burial] is a pattern that's found around the world" said Susan Crockford, a zooarcheologist at Canada's University of Victoria, who investigates dog breeds in the Pacific Northwest.

Ancient dogs may explain many things about ancient Native Americans. "Not thinking that dogs might have had a religious relationship [with people] as well means that you're leaving out a chunk of [ancient] religion. If [you make that assumption], you are losing enormous amounts of information about the ritual context and the mindset of these people," said Fugate."

fonte: news.softpedia.com


Da wikipedia:

Hinduism

Dogs have a major religious significance among the Hindus in Nepal and some parts of India. The dogs are worshipped as a part of a five-day Tihar festival that falls roughly in November every year. In Hinduism, it is believed that the dog is a messenger of Yama, the god of death, and dogs guard the doors of Heaven.This is a day when the dog is worshipped by applying tika (the holy vermilion dot), incense sticks and garlanded generally with marigold flower.[citation needed] Sarama, the bitch of the gods, is described as the mother of all dogs.

The dog is also the vahana or mount of the Hindu god Bhairava.

_____________________

Mesopotamia

There is a temple in Isin (located in Mesopotamia) that is named é-ur-gi7-ra which translates to mean "dog house" [1] Enlilbani, a king from the Old Babylonian First Dynasty of Isin, commemorated the temple to the goddess Ninisina.[2]. Although there is a small amount of detail known about it, there is enough information to confirm that a dog cult did exist in this area [3]. Usually, dogs were only associated with the Gula cult, but there is some information, like Enlilbani's commemoration, to suggest that dogs were also important to the cult of Ninisina, as Gula was another goddess who was closely associated to Ninisina.[4] More than 30 dog burials, numerous dog sculptures, and dog drawings were discovered when the area around this Ninisina temple was excavated . In the Gula cult, the dog was used in oaths and was sometimes referred to as a divinity.
[edit] Ancient Egyptian religion

The Ancient Egyptians are often more associated with cats in the form of Bastet, yet here too dogs are found to have a sacred role and figure as an important symbol in religious iconography.[5] At the cemetery at Abydos a portion was reserved for dogs, near the graves of women, archers and dwarves.[6]

Dogs were associated with Anubis, the jackal headed god of the underworld. At times throughout its period of being in use the Anubieion catacombs at Saqqara saw the burial of dogs.[7]

_______________________

Zoroastrianism

In Zoroastrianism, the dog is regarded as an especially beneficent, clean and righteous creature, which must be fed and taken care of.[8] The dog is praised for the useful work it performs in the household[9], but it is also seen as having special spiritual virtues. A dog's gaze is considered to be purifying and to drive off Daevas (demons). It is also believed to have a special connection with the afterlife: the Chinwad Bridge to Heaven is said to be guarded by dogs in Zoroastrian scripture[10], and dogs are traditionally fed in commemoration of the dead.[11] Ihtiram-i sag, "respect for the dog", is a common injunction among Iranian Zoroastrian villagers.[8]

Detailed prescriptions for the appropriate treatment of dogs are found in the Vendidad (a subdivision of the Zoroastrian holy scripture Avesta), especially in chapters 13, 14 and 15, where harsh punishments are imposed for harm inflicted upon a dog and the faithful are required to assist dogs, both domestic and stray, in various ways; often, help or harm to a dog is equated with help and harm to a human.[12] The killing of a dog ("a shepherd's dog, or a house-dog, or a Vohunazga [i.e. stray] dog, or a trained dog") is considered to lead to damnation in the afterlife.[13] A homeowner is required to take care of a pregnant bitch that lies near his home at least until the puppies are born (and in some cases until the puppies are old enough to take care of themselves, namely six months). If the homeowner does not help the bitch and the puppies come to harm as a result, "he shall pay for it the penalty for wilful murder", because "Atar (Fire), the son of Ahura Mazda, watches as well (over a pregnant bitch) as he does over a woman".[14] It is also a major sin if a man harms a dog by giving it bones that are too hard and become stuck in its throat, or food that is too hot, so that it burns its throat.[15] Giving bad food to a dog is as bad as serving bad food to a human.[16] The believers are required to take care of a dog with a damaged sense of smell, to try to heal it "in the same manner as they would do for one of the faithful" and, if they fail, to tie it lest it should fall into a hole or a body of water and be harmed.[17]

Both according to the Vendidad and in traditional Zoroastrian practice, dogs are allotted some funerary ceremonies analogous to those of humans.[11] In the Vendidad, it is stated that the spirits of a thousand deceased dogs are reincarnated in a single otter ("water dog"), hence the killing of an otter is a terrible crime that brings drought and famine upon the land and must be atoned either by the death of the killer[18] or by the killer performing a very long list of deeds considered pious, including the healing of dogs, raising of puppies, paying of fines to priests, as well as killing of animals considered noxious and unholy (cats, rats, mice and various species of reptiles, amphibians, and insects).[19]

Sagdid is a funeral ceremony in which a dog is brought into the room where the body is lying so that it can look on it. "Sagdid" means "dog sight" in the Middle Persian language of Zoroastrian theological works. There are various spiritual benefits thought to be obtained by the ceremony. It is believed that the original purpose was to make certain that the person was really dead, since the dog's more acute senses would be able to detect signs of life that a human might miss. A "four-eyed" dog, that is one with two spots on its forehead, is preferred for sagdid.[20][21]

The traditional rites involving dogs have been under attack by reformist Zoroastrians since the mid 19th century, and they had abandoned them completely by the late 20th century. Even traditionalist Zoroastrians tend to restrict such rites to a significant extent nowadays (late 20th - early 21st century).[11]

______________________

Chinese tradition

The dog is one of the 12 animals honored in Chinese astrology. The second day of the Chinese New Year is considered to be the birthday of all dogs and Chinese people often take care to be kind to dogs on that day.

______________________


Christianity

A dog is mentioned in the deuterocanonical Book of Tobit, faithfully accompanying Tobias, Tobit's son and the angel Raphael on their journeys.

Jesus told the story of the poor man Lazarus, whose sores were licked by street dogs. This has traditionally been seen as showing Lazarus's wretched situation. However, some modern commentators have pointed out that the dogs' saliva, which contains lysozyme (an enzyme with antibacterial qualities), could have beneficial effects on the sores.[22][23]

The Catholic Church recognizes Saint Roch (also called Saint Rocco), who lived in the early 14th century in France, as the patron saint of dogs. It is said that he caught the black plague while doing charitable work and went into the forest, expecting to die. There he was befriended by a dog which licked his sores and brought him food, and he was able to recover. The feast day of Saint Roch, August 16, is celebrated in Bolivia as the "birthday of all dogs."[24]

Saint Guinefort was the name given to a dog who received local veneration as a saint at a French shrine from the thirteenth to the twentieth centuries.[25]

A black and white dog is sometimes used as an informal symbol of the Dominican order of friars, religious sisters and nuns. This stems from a Latin pun: though the order's name is actually the Friars Preachers (Ordus Praedicatorum - order of preachers), it is generally called the Dominicans (after St. Dominic, their founder): Domini canes in Latin means "the dogs/hounds of the Lord."

Regra Nº17) O idioma oficial do fórum é o Português. Todos os textos colocados, assim como os títulos dos tópicos têm obrigatoriamente que estar em Português. Apenas são permitidas palavras ou expressões noutros idiomas quando não exista tradução em Português para as mesmas.

Olhem que na China o cão é tudo menos sagrado...
Serve para comer. Para maltratar e por isso não há nada de sagrado nisso.

A Famosa raça de cão de guarda Chao-Chao, servia como cão de guarda do imperador e geralmente acabava no prato dele também...

Alguns artigos, infelizmente está tudo em inglês porque não encontrei nada em português, espero que não haja nenhum problema ;


The Sacred Dogs of the Ancient Native Americans

The tombs of ancient Native Americans in the modern southwestern US have been found to contain hundreds of dog remains. A new study, recently presented at the annual meeting of the Society for American Archeology in Vancouver, Canada, and representing the first results of an investigation on dog burial places encountered in the area points to the mystical role these animals had for those people.

"Throughout the region, dogs have been found buried with jewelry,
alongside adults and children, carefully stacked in groups, or in positions that relate to important structures. The findings suggest that the animals figured more prominently in their owners' lives than simply as pets. I'm suggesting that the dogs in the New World in the Southwest were used to escort people into the next world, and sometimes they were used in certain rituals in place of people," author Dody Fugate, an assistant curator at the Museum of Indian Arts and Culture in Santa Fe, New Mexico, told National Geographic News.

"I have a database now of almost 700 dog burials, and a large number of them are either buried in groups in places of ritual or they're buried with individual human beings. Many of the burials are concentrated in northwestern New Mexico and along the Arizona-New Mexico border," said Fugate. The gathered information shows that dog burials were practiced mainly between 400 B.C. and A.D. 1100. "The earlier the [human] burial, the more likely you are to have dog in it," Fugate said.

However, in the 14th or 15th century, the practice ceased, evidence showed. "Indeed, today's Pueblo and Navajo Indians believe it is improper to bury dogs. What the ancient dogs looked like is an open question, but their remains suggest that they were far more diverse than was previously believed," said Fugate.

The buried dogs had either floppy or pointed ears, long or curly tails, were small or tall. "There were even white ones, found buried on the Arizona-Utah border, whose fur was used to weave ritual garb," added Fugate.

"Archaeologists tend to examine animal bones at excavation sites with an eye to what humans were eating, rather than what their relationships with dogs were like. Because dogs are very seldom to come across in a way that suggests they were used for food, they tend to get dismissed as being not very significant so they tend to not be reported in very much detail. Basically [ritual dog burial] is a pattern that's found around the world" said Susan Crockford, a zooarcheologist at Canada's University of Victoria, who investigates dog breeds in the Pacific Northwest.

Ancient dogs may explain many things about ancient Native Americans. "Not thinking that dogs might have had a religious relationship [with people] as well means that you're leaving out a chunk of [ancient] religion. If [you make that assumption], you are losing enormous amounts of information about the ritual context and the mindset of these people," said Fugate."

fonte: news.softpedia.com


Da wikipedia:

Hinduism

Dogs have a major religious significance among the Hindus in Nepal and some parts of India. The dogs are worshipped as a part of a five-day Tihar festival that falls roughly in November every year. In Hinduism, it is believed that the dog is a messenger of Yama, the god of death, and dogs guard the doors of Heaven.This is a day when the dog is worshipped by applying tika (the holy vermilion dot), incense sticks and garlanded generally with marigold flower.[citation needed] Sarama, the bitch of the gods, is described as the mother of all dogs.

The dog is also the vahana or mount of the Hindu god Bhairava.

_____________________

Mesopotamia

There is a temple in Isin (located in Mesopotamia) that is named é-ur-gi7-ra which translates to mean "dog house" [1] Enlilbani, a king from the Old Babylonian First Dynasty of Isin, commemorated the temple to the goddess Ninisina.[2]. Although there is a small amount of detail known about it, there is enough information to confirm that a dog cult did exist in this area [3]. Usually, dogs were only associated with the Gula cult, but there is some information, like Enlilbani's commemoration, to suggest that dogs were also important to the cult of Ninisina, as Gula was another goddess who was closely associated to Ninisina.[4] More than 30 dog burials, numerous dog sculptures, and dog drawings were discovered when the area around this Ninisina temple was excavated . In the Gula cult, the dog was used in oaths and was sometimes referred to as a divinity.
[edit] Ancient Egyptian religion

The Ancient Egyptians are often more associated with cats in the form of Bastet, yet here too dogs are found to have a sacred role and figure as an important symbol in religious iconography.[5] At the cemetery at Abydos a portion was reserved for dogs, near the graves of women, archers and dwarves.[6]

Dogs were associated with Anubis, the jackal headed god of the underworld. At times throughout its period of being in use the Anubieion catacombs at Saqqara saw the burial of dogs.[7]

_______________________

Zoroastrianism

In Zoroastrianism, the dog is regarded as an especially beneficent, clean and righteous creature, which must be fed and taken care of.[8] The dog is praised for the useful work it performs in the household[9], but it is also seen as having special spiritual virtues. A dog's gaze is considered to be purifying and to drive off Daevas (demons). It is also believed to have a special connection with the afterlife: the Chinwad Bridge to Heaven is said to be guarded by dogs in Zoroastrian scripture[10], and dogs are traditionally fed in commemoration of the dead.[11] Ihtiram-i sag, "respect for the dog", is a common injunction among Iranian Zoroastrian villagers.[8]

Detailed prescriptions for the appropriate treatment of dogs are found in the Vendidad (a subdivision of the Zoroastrian holy scripture Avesta), especially in chapters 13, 14 and 15, where harsh punishments are imposed for harm inflicted upon a dog and the faithful are required to assist dogs, both domestic and stray, in various ways; often, help or harm to a dog is equated with help and harm to a human.[12] The killing of a dog ("a shepherd's dog, or a house-dog, or a Vohunazga [i.e. stray] dog, or a trained dog") is considered to lead to damnation in the afterlife.[13] A homeowner is required to take care of a pregnant bitch that lies near his home at least until the puppies are born (and in some cases until the puppies are old enough to take care of themselves, namely six months). If the homeowner does not help the bitch and the puppies come to harm as a result, "he shall pay for it the penalty for wilful murder", because "Atar (Fire), the son of Ahura Mazda, watches as well (over a pregnant bitch) as he does over a woman".[14] It is also a major sin if a man harms a dog by giving it bones that are too hard and become stuck in its throat, or food that is too hot, so that it burns its throat.[15] Giving bad food to a dog is as bad as serving bad food to a human.[16] The believers are required to take care of a dog with a damaged sense of smell, to try to heal it "in the same manner as they would do for one of the faithful" and, if they fail, to tie it lest it should fall into a hole or a body of water and be harmed.[17]

Both according to the Vendidad and in traditional Zoroastrian practice, dogs are allotted some funerary ceremonies analogous to those of humans.[11] In the Vendidad, it is stated that the spirits of a thousand deceased dogs are reincarnated in a single otter ("water dog"), hence the killing of an otter is a terrible crime that brings drought and famine upon the land and must be atoned either by the death of the killer[18] or by the killer performing a very long list of deeds considered pious, including the healing of dogs, raising of puppies, paying of fines to priests, as well as killing of animals considered noxious and unholy (cats, rats, mice and various species of reptiles, amphibians, and insects).[19]

Sagdid is a funeral ceremony in which a dog is brought into the room where the body is lying so that it can look on it. "Sagdid" means "dog sight" in the Middle Persian language of Zoroastrian theological works. There are various spiritual benefits thought to be obtained by the ceremony. It is believed that the original purpose was to make certain that the person was really dead, since the dog's more acute senses would be able to detect signs of life that a human might miss. A "four-eyed" dog, that is one with two spots on its forehead, is preferred for sagdid.[20][21]

The traditional rites involving dogs have been under attack by reformist Zoroastrians since the mid 19th century, and they had abandoned them completely by the late 20th century. Even traditionalist Zoroastrians tend to restrict such rites to a significant extent nowadays (late 20th - early 21st century).[11]

______________________

Chinese tradition

The dog is one of the 12 animals honored in Chinese astrology. The second day of the Chinese New Year is considered to be the birthday of all dogs and Chinese people often take care to be kind to dogs on that day.

______________________


Christianity

A dog is mentioned in the deuterocanonical Book of Tobit, faithfully accompanying Tobias, Tobit's son and the angel Raphael on their journeys.

Jesus told the story of the poor man Lazarus, whose sores were licked by street dogs. This has traditionally been seen as showing Lazarus's wretched situation. However, some modern commentators have pointed out that the dogs' saliva, which contains lysozyme (an enzyme with antibacterial qualities), could have beneficial effects on the sores.[22][23]

The Catholic Church recognizes Saint Roch (also called Saint Rocco), who lived in the early 14th century in France, as the patron saint of dogs. It is said that he caught the black plague while doing charitable work and went into the forest, expecting to die. There he was befriended by a dog which licked his sores and brought him food, and he was able to recover. The feast day of Saint Roch, August 16, is celebrated in Bolivia as the "birthday of all dogs."[24]

Saint Guinefort was the name given to a dog who received local veneration as a saint at a French shrine from the thirteenth to the twentieth centuries.[25]

A black and white dog is sometimes used as an informal symbol of the Dominican order of friars, religious sisters and nuns. This stems from a Latin pun: though the order's name is actually the Friars Preachers (Ordus Praedicatorum - order of preachers), it is generally called the Dominicans (after St. Dominic, their founder): Domini canes in Latin means "the dogs/hounds of the Lord."

Passa isso por um tradutor para ficar minimamente legivel aos olhos de todos. ok?

Caso contrário terei que apagar! Aguardo.